Here's a question not so trivial as that. For if today the public has imposed on every individual a vital as it appears on the ID card, alongside the picture, his name (thus far transmitted by the father) and one or more names, the mention of sex, date and place of his birth, he was quite different used in Corsica for most people. In the years 1700 to Lumio, an individual two had no surname. In truth, this defect had a relative importance. In everyday life we continued to call another system imported by the Franks (eighth-ninth centuries) that traditionally used the first names and nicknames, the ancestors of most of our family names, which begin s' install from the twelfth century in the upper classes.
In official documents (censuses, lists of names ...), in the absence of a surname, we scored the first Christening of the person, not followed or that of his father or his mother: "Matteo di Felice", "Mimi di Geronima. For foreigners in the village, the name of the village or region of origin generally followed: "Orsu Niolu di" or "Lola di Calasima. This practice will continue in the writes into the 1880s, and in speaking, so far. In truth the first
fulfilled a different function than it has in our contemporary societies, a dual function, ambiguous, both proper name of an individual but also symbolic marker of a family. For each family used a set of names of his own by following an invariable rule: the first child takes the surname of the paternal grandfather, the second that of the maternal grandmother, the third that of the paternal grandmother, fourth that of the maternal grandfather.
Thus in this system, not only the first name was not really specific to an individual, but combined with those of his brothers and sisters, cousins, he referred to his family and scored an individual in a lineage. (How many cases of near-homonyms encountered in the preparation of family trees in Corsica, where after a moment no one knows who is who and what time it is! Lines at a time still, somehow. But most of the markers of a society organized according to a fixed order.)
doing so, a name taken from a list of names presented to him, almost without mistakes, to a family while, paradoxically, associated with a surname he could designate several cousins of the same generation, or common ancestry.
In ordinary social use, orally, reference was made outside the presence of the individual in question, his nickname in staff this agro-pastoral society, sensitive to physical features but also prone to verbal jousting and the joke, the nickname was more or less chosen. One was a "gallon", big cock, and the other "Domenicacciu, Dominique bad or" crackpot "as they say in Provence.
The family nickname denoted as a physical trait or quality: "Falcone" for example, the diurnal raptor in the eyesight to pounce on its prey. He could describe an individual who had a surname or not. Like the latter, it was preceded by the name of the person, "Santu" was "Santu Falcone . But that nickname was another more important function. It was used to designate his children, "i Falcunaghj" and his house "A Casa Falcunaghja. Associated with the name, it will be passed on to his eldest grand son, named him as "Santu Falcone." His son, however, named after the ruler, will have his first name followed by "di + nickname", for example, "Paolo di Falcone."
Thus, the bearer of the surname lineage embody across generations of family unity to the whole face of group interests, inside or outside the village community, or even those which, to be specific, with his brothers and cousins. It will be the head of his lineage, the guarantor in some sort of social image and symbolic community associated with it. This usage so strongly that structured the mode of traditional Corsican society, emphasizing the lines and giving his seat to clanism and cronyism, has disappeared with her in the fifties, although it has left traces in the mentality still
The collection of personal or family nicknames used in the village, in the company of orality, and he remains no record could be a useful collective work to pay the collective heritage of the village.
notables, who were the first to wear a surname, were appointed, not by them - the person was well enough known that there might be no misunderstanding-but by their first names, preceded by a marker own: "Sgio Marca" or "a Signora Maria." Older people were more "democratically" called "uncle" or "aunt", "Ziu Pè", "Zia Ro," Uncle Peter "and" Aunt Rose .
Compared to the nickname of a line, the surname is less pronounced but we must be aware that both induce a particular way of looking at subordinating the individual to the family and the patrilineal lineage. The pedigree of the families' sgios "is in this issue: the collateral branches are not included and girls are also" forgotten ". Finally, note that if the Church calls his flock by name of baptism, church records do not differ in design from those of the Civil Status which bases social order and family.
The survey of surnames is one thing but their quantification, insidiously, may cause the temptation to want to classify them according to their number, and mechanically inferred from it greater legitimacy, precedence or notoriety to a lineage, a family or an individual, thus confusing quantity and quality. But, conversely, it also usefully inform. So we kept a strict alphabetical order.
For purposes of clarity and space saving, however, we extracted from the full list of the surnames used 1 to 4 times, noted in a table with years of birth. The other ten are presented per table of 24 columns, with the total number of times over this period and the number of occurrences per table to score ten times and durations of presence of the surname.
Made up from a data record, act by act, records of birth of the Civil Status (except for the period from 1736 to 1802 where I used decennial tables already prepared) and presented by decade March to December, 13 to 22 etc., the tables cover 236 years of village life during which 5228 births were registered at 230 different names, each used between and a 530 times.
Parish registers allowed the development of lists of births, marriages and deaths for the period from 1736 to 1801. The comparison between them and civil registers sometimes show significant differences (see table) which we have not considered in this study where I only used them from 1801.
At first the spelling is sometimes flawed or inconclusive, the transcript of the oral and written is not easy to priests or town clerk who mastered often not the church Latin, Tuscan or French, languages in which they had to turn translate the Corsican dialect spoken only (The first act of civil status in French dated 1 January 1844 the municipality of Lumio , and November 17, 1843 to the Commune of Occi, under the signature of Peter Paul Giudicelli, its new mayor).
To these are added those from linguistic problems of the quality of paper, ink, graphic changing ... In regards to Lumio commercially avail surnames include the following variants some of which are fixed while d Others were unified: by simplifying we've recorded together.
- Judicelli (until 1763), superseded by Giudicelli, Guidicelli appearance in 1854, and uncertainty between the two, the "i" is often poorly located graphically, where a doublet which we have ignored;
- Justiniani (until 1764) replaced by Giustiniani;
- Jacobi (until 1749) replaced by Giacobbi;
- Ciaccaldi (until 1795) replaced by Ceccaldi,
- Alberti, Aliberti;
- Luerini, Lucerin, Loverini;
- Genuini Genovini and cohabiting;
- Cuneo, Cunio, Cuni, forms Tuscan and Piedmont, the latter written as Cunj;
- as Valeri and Valerj;
- Manuelli, cranks, Emmanuelli;
- name Luiggi mistakenly placed before the surname is descent, Padovani Luiggi becomes Luiggi Paduano
The same work was done on Occi, attached Lumio in 1852, which we have data for the years from 1813 to 1851. 68 naissances.y are noted, using 18 names.
Surnames with less than 5 hits (the years are those of the decennial tables) Surnames of Lumio
Before let you immerse yourself in the picture, here are some observations and research directions:
- 236 surnames were used from 1736 to 1972;
- the same surname may designate unrelated families;
- surnames, from different families,
reappear - the total number of occurrences and duration of occurrences in time are two different things
- a total of 24 columns, the first of which is not 10 years and the last two belonging to "non-traditional Corsica";
- some names are present up to decades
- surnames have "lives".
A forthcoming study will concern the names used.
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