Statutes of the Brotherhood in 1859 ORIGINS
Before studying the history of Lumiu brotherhood, it seems necessary to reposition the Corsican brotherhood in their matrix, which is the fraternal movement associated with the cult of relics and pilgrimages, which reached its apogee in the XI th century, and to give some more general explanations about the birth of the brotherhoods in the West.
Literally "brotherhood" means "gathering" of people by a fraternal bond ( Philippet, 2004 ). The initiative of creating fraternity returns to a small core of faithful, encouraged by an ecclesiastical authority or by a group of professionals (in the case of trade guilds). This was in vital need of assistance that animated medieval society.
brotherhoods in West born at the end of XI th century model for taking the associations of the Eastern Church which, from the IV th century, took care to treat their members and to organize the funeral, and the fraternities of prayer convents of Western Europe, set up in the sixth th century ( Philippet, 2004 ). They are attached to a chapter in a convent (particularly those of the mendicant orders) to a parish or hospital. Organized in a very precise, they are directed by a prior and governed by statutes. Some are related to a trade or a social group, others are dedicated to a particular devotion, all are characterized by strong solidarity.
That Innocent III (1198-1216) which is the first "confraternities" whose model is spreading among the laity. Indeed, despite the good will of many, not everyone can become Oblates, familiar from the monastery, or conversation. Most lay people are involved in a marriage that is their privilege, reinforced with the Gregorian reform, and live off their work. But this gives them enough freedom to participate in a fraternity ( Chelini, 1991 ).
brotherhoods meet regularly. After a group prayer, the meeting is concerned with the fate of members of the community is a genuine fraternal society for their members in need and more generally for the poor. Patients are visited and helped (the Brotherhood operates as a social insurance), some fraternities also manage hospitals. For deaths, the whole brotherhood assembled to attend the funeral and pay for the funeral. The big moment is obviously the feast of the patron saint. She is preparing several months in advance and mobilize all members. Everything is carefully planned: hours of worship, high mass, vespers, dress, organization of the procession and even the number of candles for lighting the church ( Religious education in the Middle Ages , 2004) . The fraternities also play an important cultural role in the development of popular theater performances with the organization for the holidays of the Christian calendar (nativity, passion ...) ( Chelini, 1991 ). In the late Middle Ages, guilds penetrate into the lower social strata and grab their meshes huge crowds.
Very solemnly, the day
The Council of Trent (1545-1563) which were attended by the bishops Accia, Ajaccio and Aléria will effectively revitalize and deepen religious feelings by directing the popular piety toward more focused devotion to Christ and the Virgin
Thus, in addition to or instead of the old medieval guilds sponsored by one or more saints, to create brotherhood of the Holy Sacrament and the Rosary which are very successful ( Venard, 2000 ). Another reform included in a "memory to correct some abuses in the Church" written in Trent January 29, 1562 by the Archbishop of Ragusa Ludovico Beccadelli is decided: "[7] Similarly, we must beware the pretext of privilege or of tradition, the chapter, fraternities, etc.. do exempt themselves from the ordinary, but that under his [?] conduct, they are doing what needs to be done "( Taillon 2000). nuncios apostolic and visitors are sent on a mission to explain these decisions and to strengthen the rules of the laity who should be on a uniform provided by the Roman confraternities. Everywhere we adopt their rules and exercises piety ( Taillon, 2000 ) because it is true that in Corsica during their pastoral visits, the bishops of the sixteenth th and XVII th centuries continue to deplore the profound ignorance of doctrine and Christian ethics of rural people of that time and meet the stubborn vestiges of paganism barely clothed appearances Christian ( Cervoni , Monti, Pieretti 1996). Thus are born in the second half of the sixteenth century th companies reformed. For two centuries, nothing will change the statutes of the brotherhoods who reach their golden age in the middle of the XVII th century to about 1640. After the French annexation, civil authorities took measures (royal edict of August 4, 1781, Judgement of the Superior Council of 1784) to circumscribe the activities of fraternities ( Ravis Giordani , 2004). In the eighteenth century th, each commune of Corsica had at least a brotherhood. On the eve of the French Revolution
Deleted by Act of August 18, 1792, most fraternities were maintained without interruption and reappeared after the Concordat signed July 15, 1801. Tolerated under the empire several were reestablished at the Restoration
The Brotherhood of Saint Anthony Abbot
Ideally enthusiasts early Christians had to lay down their lives in the tortures of martyrdom, but since the peace of Constantine in 313 that hope was no longer valid. In the decadent Roman Empire and weakened the IV th century, Christians who had longer to shed their blood, were suddenly invested with a reputation and an ease that might give rise to them the warmth and mediocrity. It is within this context that, at the southern end of the empire, few Egyptians, desiring to live a life consistent with the spirit and the radical demands of the Gospel, decided to leave the cities and towns to retire the desert.
The Greek word "monachos" existed to describe the lonely, but tradition makes Saint Anthony the Great or Abbot (251-356) first, and certainly the most famous of these hermits of the early fourth th century. He retired to the desert, where he divided his time between prayer and work, and was assailed by the temptations to which he knew famous resist. St. Anthony is particularly famous for his battles against demons.
St. Anthony's reputation has spread, even during his life, throughout the Roman Empire and Mesopotamia. It thence to Nisibis, the poet and musician sang St. Ephrem, in his "Carmina Nisibena" kindness, affability of the "father of monks", explaining that "the intimacy of his relationship with God made him even more condescending and delicate with men. "
All the monks of the Christian world, they are loners or recluses, recognize San Antonio as their ancestor, their model and their boss, particularly in the Eastern Church. How
devotion to St. Anthony Has developed Lumiu and why? Several hypotheses are offered us:
During his visit of 1589 Episcopal Bishop Mascardi wrote: "Lumio: Saint Pierre, 364 souls, ECU 50 returns, oratories of the Annunciation and St. Antoine." The
oratoriu Sant'Anton becomes Casazza after construction between 1800 and 1825 in Santa Maria, however, he was there since the founding of village, XV th century or even earlier and arguably the cult of St. Anthony has spread across the island between the V th and X th century ( Moracchini-Mazel , 2005). For G. Mazel Moracchini-oratories dedicated to St. Anthony and St. Leonard positioned themselves on ways before crossing a pass, ford or bridge, to pre-Roman ( Moracchini -Mazel, 1967 ). The situation Lumiu Bracaghju between the passes, and Fuat Forcolini reinforces this hypothesis. The oratorical
born as places of worship of fraternities and from the XVII th century have become increasingly important, giving identity to the religious organization that had chosen a place "private" to come together and pray. Their construction generally succeeds development of the brotherhood, which after an initial phase of devotion to an altar or inside a chapel in the original church was raising a separate building as a prime location for meetings and celebrations ( Sinigallia, 2004 ). It is therefore reasonable to think that St. Anthony brotherhood existed during the visit of Bishop Mascardi, bishop of Mariana.
College of Antonine Order hospital founded in the XI th century, called the di Corsica Sant'Anton alloghju, was to share the hosting of vagrants and looked after the "burning sickness" mysterious illness at the time (gangrenous ergotism resulting from the consumption of rye attacked by the fungus (Claviceps purpurea) said ergo rye, identified IX th century it was known as "ignis sacer" (sacred fire) . Originally, to keep their command posts and hospitals, the Antonines were raising pigs . The pig of Saint Anthony plays the same role that the dog of Saint Roch bring comfort to her owner reached a skin disease, shingles, called in Corsica "U foccu di Sant'Anton" disease confused with the "burning sickness" after its eradication. Find these two words Lumiu back to the plagues suffered by
In the fifteenth century th in Corsica, the convents of monks were active hospital. One of them, located at the Col de Saint-Antoine Casabianca Ampugnani in the region, now in ruins, offered hospitality to those who came to ask. One can imagine the construction of a small hermitage in the vicinity of the plate was di Sarra (common Lavatoghju), a major route of transhumance, an oratory dedicated to the father of monks and protector of travelers in the Middle Ages. No clue, in the present state of our research, we can not attest to Lumiu monastic presence, but a study is underway.
Sant'Anton was also the patron of farmers: January 17 herds were blessed. This period corresponds to the weaning of lambs that allows full production of cheese and the
1. Lumiu with its coastal pastures and crops has been difficult to choose a saint dedicated to two economic activities, a saint who can sometimes violent despite their differences to unite farmers and shepherds.
The oldest documents, for now, we have in our possession are the articles and books of account della "Confraternita del SS Sacramento eretta sotto gli auspicii di S. Antonio Abbate di della parocchia Lummio" dating from 1859 that we intend to study later in this article.
STUDY OF STATUTES (1859)
The following study focuses on the archives held at the Brotherhood
- a register of the statutes of 1859;
- a booklet describing the amount of the credit when changing Bureau (1873 -1952);
- accounting records 1953 to 1975;
- a schedule of fines and termination of Brothers (1876 - 1952).
The period during which the statutes were developed in a context of economic and social development should:
- the large increase of population
- the increase of cultivated land and the progression of tree crops (olives , chestnuts, grapes, almonds).
More than half of the village men are employed as laborers by the two landowners. Most people LUMIU have a garden, a vineyard, almond and olive trees, and raise poultry and pigs which they derive additional income.
But this upturn will only be temporary because of the late nineteenth century to the mid-twentieth century, the island's economy in decline (bleeding of the First World War: more than 10 000 deaths on the island of which 23 to LUMIU - emigration to the Continent and the Colonies) .
In the second half of the nineteenth century, religious practice is important, which explains the reappearance of many fraternities.
Registry statutes
He tells the new statutes of the Brotherhood
It also includes additional articles, canceling or supplementing these statutes are modeled on a scheme that each type of status brotherhood could adapt to his desire.
His name Brotherhood of the Blessed Sacrament has kept the name of the ancient Brotherhood of known existence, without supporting documentation, dating back to the Council of Trent with breaks of varying lengths (including that resulting from the Act
The statutes of 1859 are divided into thirty-one articles that govern its operation and the duties and rights of Brothers. These articles will be replayed every year on the first Sunday in January to remind its members of their obligations.
1) Eligibility:
Followers of both sexes will be admitted to the following conditions:
- be at least fourteen years
- enjoy a good and honest reputation,
- spread the good word Jesus Christ,
- pay the premium entry whose amount is different depending on the age and origin (someone "alien" in the village will pay five times more expensive).
It should be noted that the sisters, although contributor can neither vote nor wear the dress or hold a position of responsibility. By cons, they have the same privileges, upon their death, their male colleagues. Upon admission of a new colleague, the Prior granted him a month novitiate and forces it to acquire the "cappa" (dawn) to attend the ceremonies.
2) Election of officers:
To ensure proper management of the Brotherhood
- a Prior,
- a sub-Prieur ,
- two advisors,
- two "Massari"
- two manifolds,
- Treasurer.
All these officials will be renewed twice a year (the first Sunday of February and August) but can sometimes also be confirmed for one year.
* The Prior convenes Brothers, chair meetings and develop proposals regarding the interests of the Brotherhood
* The sub-Prieur Prieur replaces in the event of death or incapacity of the latter. He who reads the list of absentees to sacred offices.
* Councillors give their opinion, in agreement with the pastor pro tempore (temporary) in case of dispute.
* Both "Massari" (sextons) lead the procession, involved in the maintenance and care of sacred objects. They sound Brothers to reunite, provide the candles needed for the celebration of services, including red candles on the death of a member of the Brotherhood
* The collectors collect the annual dues of Brothers and Sisters, and a penny given to each member by the death of one of them. They note their revenues on a register.
* The Cashier or Treasurer is custodian of funds
3) Duties of Brothers:
First, the brothers will attend, it is a sacred duty, the Divine Office every day of celebration and to approach the Sacrament of the
badges
But the great duty of the Brother is pray and help in the death of a Brother or Sister. For this occasion, the bell is rung by the "Massari" Brothers all get together and pray for his repose by reciting one Our Father, a Hail Mary and a Requiem. If death occurs during the day, they go in the evening at the home of the deceased to recite the Office of the Dead and if it occurs at night, the family will give a bell "alla lunga" so that the brothers know that the funeral will be held the morning Next. The Prior inquire if the deceased was current membership dues and otherwise his heirs will pay them. All Brothers should be present at funeral of the deceased. He who can not read will recite a portion of the rosary.
4) Rights of Brothers:
The spirit of the Brotherhood
As for Prior, on his death, he is entitled to six pounds of red wax and a solemn mass Sunday following the funeral with an obligation to all brothers to attend. The brothers help the dying, the family, taking charge of the funeral (candles, linen, fresh from Mass, the hearse rental or convertible) through membership dues and fines.
5) Fees and fines:
If it is scary to die for a colleague, he is the same for his peers survivors, because they are taxed on each breach of statutes including the following examples . Besides the annual fee "cup" of twenty sous each fellow at the death of one of them will have to pay a penny (i soldo dei morti). Only priests enrolled
After thirty-one articles of incorporation, January 25
But, February 17, 1861, two years after approval of the statutes, a conflict between the pastor of the moment and the Office of the Brotherhood
En 1866, on note trois articles additionnels aux statuts. Le premier concerne la procédure relative à l'élection des officiers omise dans les trente et un articles de 1859. Ceux-ci seront élus par les officiers sortants assistés du curé "pro tempore" and two older members. The second addendum states that minutes must be recorded in a separate book and countersigned by the voters. The minutes will be read and approved by the pastor of time on pain of nullity. The third article states, in a spirit of peace and concord, the reinstatement of members removed from the Brotherhood
Three additional sections of 18 June 1882 (in French and approved by the Bishop) mention that the money collected to the death of a Brother is only used to celebrate Mass for the repose of her soul (though for what purpose was it intended before?). On the other hand, a fellow member, upon his death, shall be entitled to:
- a coffin or three "planks" or three francs
- three pounds of white wax crafted (corresponding to ten candles and ten pairs of candles) or eight francs.
On April 10, 1886, a resolution of Prior (initialed by the bishop of Ajaccio) refers to the compulsory wearing of "cape" in addition to the "cappa" during official ceremonies.
In 1902, the number of brothers should be important because Prior
Other additional articles dating from 1903 and written in French tax repeal due to the deceased member and increase the annual fee.
In December 1921, before the high cost of living, the fee is increased but more importantly, prevented the Brother may be replaced in the ceremonies without being accused (Article 11 December 1921).
In 1928 and 1940 Assemblies of Brethren decided (before the price increase of raw materials - boards, candles -) address the dues and the cost of accompanying the deceased.
From 1859 (date of election of the first Prior) until 1873 the names of elected officers is carried on the official register of the statutes, but a call to order the diocese of Ajaccio
The cash tender
So, dating from 1873, another book is used to record the minutes of the change of officers and the cash balance of the term of outgoing Prieur. Changes of officers from 1859 to 1915 are held every six months (the first Sunday in January and August), then at From 1915 they will lead to annual in 1956 in terms of longer and longer.
On this notebook is also focused on meeting place of the outgoing and incoming Board: often at the parsonage of the parish priest "pro tempore" (Father FERRANDI from 1873 to 1891) or the oratory of Saint Anthony or even the sacristy of the church. In 1894, meetings were held again at the rectory in the presence of the priest GRISONI.
From 1859 to 1956, one hundred and two priors are listed (with the same prior, from 1956 to 1975) and in 1903, the minutes are written in French.
The year 1914 was marked by the absence of a meeting, without doubt this is due to the departure of a large number of Brothers to the front.
The accounting ledger
The study of the Cash
- entries (ie revenue),
- outputs (ie expenses) .
entries were made by:
- Contributions from Brothers and Sisters "tassa"
- quests done during the Christmas
* Mass of St. Anthony,
* Good Friday (Office of the Dead),
* quest in the evening during the feast of the Most Blessed Sacrament
* voluntary contribution in the distribution of blessed oranges (these oranges were most often offered by the villagers but sometimes had to be purchased),
* personal donations.
The outputs included:
- Masses paid to the priest at funerals and celebrations of the Brothers of the Brotherhood
- Masses for deceased members of the outputs mourning
- blessings (oranges) paid to pastors,
- buying candles for the various ceremonies and funerals,
- renting the convertible - hearse
- buy the casket (for poor) or boards,
- buy oranges (some years
- donations to families of deceased brothers when they died away LUMIO (and there is an expenditure of 7,800 francs from 1958 to the death of a fellow member),
- Rehabilitation the convertible - hearse (in 1958 and 1964),
- in 1970,
- construction and building maintenance of the Brotherhood
We have a rough overview of the economic life of the Brotherhood
The schedule of fines and radiation
In Article 21 of the Statutes of 1859, called the Prior the brothers to settle their dues or fines under threat of being delisted. The fourth and final book of the Brotherhood
Among the reasons that lead to fines, there is the most common non-payment of annual dues and the "penny for the dead" ("he soldo dei morti") and no meetings, processions and masses. The omission of the port of the "cappa" was taxed throughout the term of office of the prior of 7.45 francs. In 1887, the same year, there are two reasons anecdotal: a cashier (PS) "per non aver voluto prendere per aprere he broke it Denaro spez per le ..." it cost him five francs and he was readmitted after paying the fine. On the same day (F. ..), another director was taxed: "per non aver voluto accetare the chiave della broke ...." There are also other reasons such as not keeping the register, but there are more serious, and in 1898, a fellow member is removed for refusing to load "Massaro" and payment of tax, for cons, for the same reason, a fellow member is only taxed 24 francs in 1911. It costs 25 francs to another Brother have refused to load prior to 1925. Radiation is delivered against a brother emigrated to non-payment of dues and settlement by refusing the family left the village. But there was also requested voluntary cancellation by the parties themselves or their families following the departure to the colonies or the mainland. The number of radiation is variable, ranging from ten (1881 - 1884) to twenty two (1876) with three readmissions, twenty six (1901) with five radiation, twenty five in 1921. Under the same term of office of Prior, from 1950 to 1952, seventeen radiation are noted without giving reasons.
The fourth book ends in 1952 and we do not know if penalties were still imposed and radiation, while the Brotherhood
The study on these four documents leaves many open questions as des registres manquent, notamment le cahier du Prieur, cité à l'article 5 des statuts, où ce dernier doit noter et dater les entrées et sorties de fonds de
De plus, aucun article des statuts ne stipule une aide donnée à la veuve et aux enfants du Confrère défunt (sous forme de prestations journalières pour la moisson, vendanges ou de dons d'argent). Cela est dû au fait que l'entraide par la famille, les amis et l'entourage était importante dans le village et confirmée par beaucoup de témoignages.
The initial goal of the Brotherhood
RENEWAL
On Saturday, July 24, 1993 Lumiu few people gathered on the church square to recreate the Brotherhood of St. Anthony Lumiu to ensure the preservation of religious heritage of the parish. It was proceeded to the election Bureau and its members by the 30 new Brothers, this recreation was effective August 2, 1993, by publication in the Official Gazette (No. 33 of the 125 th years dating from August 18, 1993, with the purpose of defense and promotion sites and cultural heritage and religious Lumiu and whose registered office of St. Anthony Casazza, Church Square, 20260 Lumiu).
These new articles are those of the Associations Act 1901, the purpose and administration
Purpose of the brotherhood
I - The Brotherhood
II - Commitment to the Brotherhood
The meeting place is still "A CASAZZA" traditional seat of the Brotherhood
admission
- St. Anthony, our patron saint and protector,
- The
- St. Peter and St. Paul,
- St. Mary (August 15, patroness of the parish),
- Day 2 November
- The Mass Christmas.
For these feasts, men dressed ensure organizing processions.
At the Good Friday procession, they will provide "A Granitula.
Research will be conducted jointly with our pastor to imagine and organize a major enhancement of our parish life.
III - Like every time, members of the Brotherhood
Beneficence is a quality that draws us together and unites us. Prayer, participation in the funeral, the offering of Mass for members of the Brotherhood
We consider a model of humility before death, the wisdom of the brothers of yesteryear, which imposed a similar liturgical decor and eloquent in its implementation: the same casket, the same luminaires, whatever family resources, we would like the church cover the coffins of a pall hiding any ornamentation and embellishments.
November 2, All Souls' Day, the brothers go to the cemetery in evening dress, and sing the Mass and the "Libera me"
IV - Our Brotherhood wants to work with the work of redemption by attending worship at its best and social life of his village.
administration
I - Any person of good character, participating in celebrations of the Brotherhood
Anyone who would fall into the conduct or refrain from participating in the festivities as she could or to pay its dues for two years, will be considered as having resigned after recall and opinion of the Council.
II - Meetings of the Casazza will be on the agenda provided:
1 - Fair program.
2 - General Assembly.
3 - Topics of reflection.
During the general assembly will elect the ten members of the men and women, which in turn will elect the Prior, the Sub-Prior, Treasurer, Director of Ceremonies.
The older brothers of the chair voting. The Brethren regard as designated custodians of an rather than an honor. They serve the Brotherhood of
III - Prior will be responsible for ensuring the Brotherhood on
IV - The Sub-Prior to replace the Prior in his office if it were to be prevented. His replacement may be temporary or in cases of force majeure last until the next general meeting and vote again for electing a new board of trustees.
V - The Treasurer maintains the accounts' input - output ". It is not permitted to dispose by himself for having
VI - Director Ceremonies will ensure the dignity and beauty of conduct processions that will lead or lead by a fellow member chosen.
The survival of the rite of
United by the same desire to revive the Brotherhood
After the reception of the brotherhoods Casazza by Lumia, M. Prieur Brandaloni Emeritus of Saint Anthony Abbot of Calvi, older Brotherhood Balagne enthroned the new prior of Lumiu which in turn enthroned its new colleagues, followed by a procession to the church interior Santa Maria, where high mass was celebrated. The same year the procession was held Friday with a penitent. Then began learning the Mass for the dead, which allowed, in addition to paying a final tribute to deceased persons, to celebrate the Mass for all deceased Nov. 2. On December 8, 1995 is a milestone for our guild was appointed to organize the first festival of the federation of guilds Balagne under the protection of the Immaculate Conception patron
But the purpose of Brotherhood is also to help others is why she came to the aid of village families in need, she organized a meal at the end of the year on Dec. 31 for a few years, but especially that it created "a fiera di san Petru" in 1994, its leader for two years before giving way to a committee fair.
Today the Brotherhood is involved (except for baptisms, weddings or funerals) in seven occasions:
- January 17, Feast of the Brotherhood
- for Holy Week, on Thursday , Friday and Sunday Easter
- June 29, for
- August 15, for the
- September 8 at the Stella
- November 2, All Souls' Day,
- and December 24, Christmas Eve.
Circuit processions varies Day:
- around the church square for January 17, June 29,
- the place over an extension of the street and back fontanella by mail August 15,
- around the village for Good Friday, with three stations where the penitent grave:
· to carubbu,
· in front of the hotel Charles
· to
- November 2 procession takes place, depending on the weather, around St. Peter's Church St. Paul or around the cemetery.
- For Christmas, the procession takes place at the bottom of the Choir of the church and then back to the nursery to drop the baby Jesus.
- September 8 is a party to hand it allows us
The last elections were held February 19, 2005 in the presence of 24 brothers. They demonstrate the vitality always effective
As we have seen throughout this work, the willingness of men to forge a better society fairer and more particularly human, was, from its origins until today, for fraternities.
Created by the vital need for assistance that animated medieval society, these brotherhoods conveyed a "spirituality and a form of piety essentially popular" (Casta , 1965) For centuries, they were governed by statutes that have evolved: sometimes hard to keep the seriousness of their mission (helping the poor, caring for the sick, the dead and worship of patron saints), now more flexible to adapt the evolution of society (especially Lumiu has been a village of shepherds and farmers with a large majority of day laborers). After some years of doubt due to the two world wars, their revival is the result of a simple fact: our societies have lost the will to unite men in a structure where the help and mutual support can deal with accidents of life. It is mainly on these points that the modern brotherhoods focused: to give its next Solidarity and Solace.
Brotherhood of St. Anthony - Register of Accounting (1873)
Alberti, 2005 : ALBERTI J. L. - Evolution of the population in Lumio 1770 - 1982, Art.
Alberti, 2005: JL-ALBERTI Births - Lumio deaths from 1736 to 1985, Art.
Casta, 1965: F. CASTA - Bishops and priests Corsica in the pastoral tradition of the Council of Trent (1570-1620), Corsica History, 1965, No. 16-17 and Memorial Corsica, Volume II, collective work under the by F. Pompon, Ajaccio, 1981, 512 p.
Cervoni, Monti, Pieretti 1996: M. Cervone, A. Monti, A. Pierette - Luri, a path of history, ed. Alain Piazzola, 1996, 396 p.
Chelini, 1991: J. Chelini - religious history of medieval Europe, ed. Hatchet "Plural", 1991, 661 p.
Graziani, 1993: AM-GRAZIANI Description of Corsica A. Giustiniani, ed. Alain Piazzola, 1993, 352 p.
Lobrichon, 1994: Lobrichon G. - The religion of the laity in the West, ed. Hachette, 1994, 242 p.
Meunié, 2004: MEUN C. - The Brotherhoods, 600 years of charity and prayers (the fourteenth to twentieth century), ed. Anima Corsa, 2004, 217 p.
Mischlewski, 1995: MISCHLEWSKI A. - A College Hospital in the Middle Ages, the Canons Regular of St. Anthony in Vienna, ed. Pug, 1995, 231 p.
Moracchini-Mazel, 2005: Moracchini-MAZEL G. - Corsica Sacra, ed. Stamperia, 2005 344 p.
Moracchini-Mazel, 1967: Moracchini-MAZEL G. - The Roman churches in Corsica, t. I and II, ed. Klinksick, Paris, 1967
Ravis Giordani, 2004: THRILLED GIORDANI G. - Atlas of Corsica ethnohistorical, ed. CTHS, 2004, 253 p.
Pomponi, 1979: POMPON F. - History of Corsica, ed. Hachette 1979
Terra Corsa Review, 2004: p. 47-51, No. 6, April-May 2004
Taillon, 2000: TAILLON A. - The Council of Trent, eds. Cerf, 2000, 135 p.
Venard, 2000: VENARD M. - Catholicism to the test of France's sixteenth century, ed. Cerf, 2000, 302 p.
Vincent, 1994: VINCENT C. - Medieval Brotherhoods the kingdom of France. XIVth - XVth Century, ed. Albin Michel, 1994, 259 p.
Websites:
Religious education in the Middle Ages, 2004: Religious education in the Middle Ages - The Brotherhoods, (accessed on 30 September 2004),
populaire1.html />.
Philippet, 2004: G. Philippet - Fraternal and charitable organizations, (accessed 30 September 2004)
Sinigallia, 2004: Taken from the text Dottore Luca Sinigallia - Office of Cultural Property in the Diocese of Vicenza (accessed 30 September 2004),
0 comments:
Post a Comment